Comparative Studies of Proximate and Mineral Composition of Fresh and Smoked <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>, <i>oreochromis niloticus</i>, and <i>Bagrus bayad</i> from River Rima, Nigeria

Abstract

This study assessed the proximate and mineral composition of three commercially important freshwater fish species Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Bagrus bayad collected from River Rima, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Both fresh and smoked samples were analyzed to determine the effects of processing on their nutritional quality. Proximate analysis included the determination of moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, and crude fiber contents, while mineral composition (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) was quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Phosphorus was determined using the procedure of Phosphorus, Inorganic kits “Spectrum- Diagnostics, Germany IFUFCC34”. Results indicated that proximate composition varied significantly among species and between treatments. Moisture content decreased considerably after smoking, while protein levels increased, with smoked Clarias gariepinus recording the highest protein value (45.30%). Lipid content was generally higher in Oreochromis niloticus, whereas ash was more concentrated in smoked samples. Mineral analysis revealed species-specific differences, with smoked fish exhibiting higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus, enhancing their dietary value. The increase in nutrient density due to smoking also suggests improved preservation and extended shelf life. These findings underscore the nutritional significance of these freshwater fish species and highlight the role of traditional processing in improving food quality, supporting both dietary needs and policy initiatives for small-scale fisheries and food security in the region.